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Hijra (South Asia) - Wikipedia. An image of the Hindu deity Shiva depicted in dual- gender form, a manifestation of the variety of third gender themes that have developed in South Asia.

Part of a series on. Transgendertopics. Gender identities. Health care and medicine. Rights issues. Society and culture. Theory and concepts.

By country. See also. Transgender portal. In South Asia, a Hijra (for translations, see [n 1]) is a transgender individual who was assigned male at birth.[1][2] They are also known as Aravani, Aruvani or Jagappa.[3] In many languages of India, especially outside North- West India, other terms are used such as Thirunangai in Tamil or chhakka in Kannada. The hijras are officially recognized as third gender by some governments,[5][6] being considered neither completely male nor female. Watch A L`Aventure Download.

Hijras have a recorded history in the Indian subcontinent from antiquity onwards as suggested by the Kama Sutra period. This history features a number of well- known roles within subcontinental cultures, part gender- liminal, part spiritual and part survival. Many hijras live in well- defined and organised all- hijra communities, led by a guru.[7][8] These communities have sustained themselves over generations by "adopting" boys who are in abject poverty, rejected by, or flee, their family of origin.[9] Many work as sex workers for survival.[1. The word "hijra" is a Hindi- Urdu word,[1. Semitic Arabic roothjr in its sense of "leaving one's tribe".[1. The Indian usage has traditionally been translated into English as "eunuch" or "hermaphrodite", where "the irregularity of the male genitalia is central to the definition."[1.

However, in general hijras are born male, only a few having been born with intersex variations.[1. Some Hijras undergo an initiation rite into the hijra community called nirwaan, which refers to the removal of the penis, scrotum and testicles.[1.

Since the late 2. Western non- government organizations (NGOs) have lobbied for official recognition of the hijra as a kind of "third sex" or "third gender", as neither man nor woman.[1. Hijras have successfully gained this recognition in Bangladesh and are eligible for priority in education.[1. In India, the Supreme Court in April 2.

Nepal, Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh have all legally accepted the existence of a third gender, with India including an option for them on passports and certain official documents.[2. Terminology[edit]The Urdu and Hindi word hijra may alternately be romanized as hijira, hijda, hijada, hijara, hijrah and is pronounced [ˈɦɪdʒɽaː]. This term is generally considered derogatory in Urdu and the word Khwaja Sara is used instead. Another such term is khasuaa (खसुआ) or khusaraa (खुसरा). In Bengali, hijra is called হিজড়া, hijra, hijla, hijre, hizra, or hizre. A number of terms across the culturally and linguistically diverse Indian subcontinent represent similar sex or gender categories. While these are rough synonyms, they may be better understood as separate identities due to regional cultural differences.

In Odia, a hijra is referred to as hinjida, hinjda or napunsaka, in Telugu, as napunsakudu (నపుంసకుడు), kojja (కొజ్జ) or maada (మాడ), in Tamil Nadu, Thiru nangai (mister woman), Ali, aravanni, aravani, or aruvani, in Punjabi, khusra and jankha, in Sindhikhadra, in Gujarati, pavaiyaa (પાવૈયા). In North India, the goddess Bahuchara Mata is worshipped by Pavaiyaa (પાવૈયા). In South India, the goddess Renuka is believed to have the power to change one's sex. Male devotees in female clothing are known as Jogappa. They perform similar roles to hijra, such as dancing and singing at birth ceremonies and weddings.[2.

The word kothi (or koti) is common across India, similar to the Kathoey of Thailand, although kothis are often distinguished from hijras. Kothis are regarded as feminine men or boys who take a feminine role in sex with men, but do not live in the kind of intentional communities that hijras usually live in. Additionally, not all kothis have undergone initiation rites or the body modification steps to become a hijra.[2. Local equivalents include durani (Kolkata), menaka (Cochin),[2.

Nepal), and zenana (Pakistan). Hijra used to be translated in English as "eunuch" or "hermaphrodite",[1. Watch Haunting Of Winchester House Download Full there.

LGBT historians or human rights activists have sought to include them as being transgender.[2. In a series of meetings convened between October 2. Jan 2. 01. 4 by the transgender experts committee of India's Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment, hijra and other trans activists asked that the term "eunuch" be discontinued from usage in government documents, as it is not a term with which the communities identify.

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Gender and sexuality[edit]. A group of Hijra in Bangladesh. These identities have no exact match in the modern Western taxonomy of gender and sexual orientation,[2. Western ideas of sex and gender.[1.

In India, some Hijras do not define themselves by specific sexual orientation, but rather by renouncing sexuality altogether. Sexual energy is transformed into sacred powers. However, these notions can come in conflict with the practical, which is that hijras are often employed as prostitutes.[2. Furthermore, in India a feminine male who takes a "receptive" role in sex with a man will often identify as a kothi (or the local equivalent term). While kothis are usually distinguished from hijras as a separate gender identity, they often dress as women and act in a feminine manner in public spaces, even using feminine language to refer to themselves and each other. The usual partners of hijras and kothis are men who consider themselves heterosexual as they are the ones who penetrate.[2. These male partners are often married, and any relationships or sex with "kothis" or hijras are usually kept secret from the community at large.

Some hijras may form relationships with men and even marry,[2. Hijras and kothis often have a name for these masculine sexual or romantic partners; for example, panthi in Bangladesh, giriya in Delhi or sridhar in Cochin.[2. Social status and economic circumstances[edit]Most hijras live at the margins of society with very low status; the very word "hijra" is sometimes used in a derogatory manner. The Indian lawyer and author Rajesh Talwar has written a book highlighting the human rights abuses suffered by the community titled 'The Third Sex and Human Rights.'[3. Few employment opportunities are available to hijras. Many get their income from extortion (forced payment by disrupting work/life using demonstrations and interference), performing at ceremonies (toli), begging (dheengna), or sex work ('raarha')—an occupation of eunuchs also recorded in premodern times.

Violence against hijras, especially hijra sex workers, is often brutal, and occurs in public spaces, police stations, prisons, and their homes.[3. As with transgender people in most of the world, they face extreme discrimination in health, housing, education, employment, immigration, law, and any bureaucracy that is unable to place them into male or female gender categories.[3.

In 2. 00. 8, HIV prevalence was 2. Larkana, Pakistan.[3. The general prevalence of HIV among the adult Pakistani population is estimated at 0. In October 2. 01. Pakistani Christians and Muslims (Shia and Sunni) put pressure on the landlords of Imamia Colony to evict any transgender residents. Generally in Pakistan, Khwaja Sira are not under threat. But they are in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province because of a 'new Islam' under way", I.

A. Rehman, the director of the Human Rights Commission of Pakistan.[3. In a study of Bangladeshi hijras, participants reported not being allowed to seek healthcare at the private chambers of doctors, and experiencing abuse if they go to government hospitals.[3. Beginning in 2. 00.

Patna city revenue officials to collect unpaid taxes, receiving a 4- percent commission.[3. Since India's Supreme Court re- criminalized homosexual sex on 1.